The Renal Quizlet

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Which of the following gives origin to the afferent glomerular arterioles?
- Interlobular arteries
- Lobar arteries
- Arcuate arteries
- Peritubular capillaries
- Vasa recta
Concerning glucose:
- Its concentration is equal to that of inulin in the late proximal tubule.
- Its reabsorption depends on primary active transport.
- It is reabsorbed by simple diffusion.
- Normally, a small amount is excreted in the urine.
- Under normal conditions, reabsorption will increase as plasma [glucose] increases.
Which of the following would be expected to cause renal inulin (or creatinine) clearance to increase?
- dilation of the afferent arteriole
- dilation of the efferent arteriole
- constriction of the afferent arteriole
- constriction of the efferent arteriole
- both A and D above
Sodium is actively reabsorbed from the renal tubule in which of the following nephron segments?
- proximal tubule
- distal tubule
- thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
- all of the above
- none of the above
The rate of water reabsorption from the proximal tubule is determined primarily by the
- rate of dissolved particle (solute) reabsorption from the proximal tubule
- concentration of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the blood
- osmotic pressure developed by plasma proteins in the proximal tubule
- active transport of water molecules by the proximal tubule cells
- passive filtration due to the high hydrostatic pressure in the proximal tubule
Urea has a higher concentration in the fluid that leaves the proximal tubule (and enters the loop of Henle) than in blood plasma because
- urea is synthesized by proximal tubule cells
- urea is secreted into the proximal tubule
- urea is reabsorbed from the proximal tubule but at a lesser rate that water is reabsorbed
- urea diffuses back into the proximal tubule because of the high urea concentration in the renal medulla
- urea is actively transported into Bowman's capsule from the glomerular capillaries
At which sites would the concentration of creatinine be expected to be highest? (Note: assume the person is normally hydrated.)
- glomerular filtrate
- end of the proximal tubule
- end of the loop of Henle
- urine
- the concentration would be the same in all of the above, since creatinine is neither secreted or reabsorbed
Suppose a person loses the function of half his nephrons because of renal degenerative disease. Assuming the person survives and reaches a new steady state and that body urea production remains normal, which of the following would be expected to decrease below normal?
- plasma urea concentration
- renal urea excretion
- renal urea clearance
- urine urea concentration
- all of the above
The following values are measured for potassium ion in a human subject. Plasma K+ 5 meq/liter Urine K+ 50 meq/literRenal creatinine clearance 80 ml/min Urine formation rate 1.5ml/minute This patient's potassium clearance is closest to which of the following?
- 5 ml/minute
- 7.5 ml/minute
- 15 ml/minute
- 50 ml/minute
- 75 ml/minute
Assuming the subject in the preceding question is a normal adult, we can conclude that most likely potassium is
- filtered but not secreted or reabsorbed
- secreted but not filtered or reabsorbed
- reabsorbed but not secreted or filtered
- filtered and secreted
- filtered and reabsorbed
Stimulation of the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus (you are hyperosmotic) would be expected to cause all of the following to increase except
- ADH release from the pituitary
- water reabsorption from the renal collecting duct
- rate of urine formation
- osmolality of urine
- none of the above; that is, none are exceptions since all would be expected to increase
Drinking beer would be expected to cause excretion of a
- large volume of concentrated urine
- small volume of concentrated urine
- large volume of dilute urine
- small volume of dilute urine
- normal volume of urine of normal osmolality
Drinking which of the following would lead to the highest rate of ADH secretion and release?
- two liters of distilled water
- two liters of sea water (mainly hyperosmotic saline)
- two liters of iso-osmotic (isotonic) saline
- two liters of human blood plasma
- none of the above, since drinking two liters of any liquid leads to inhibition of ADH release
The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus:
- Is formed by the macula densa, lacis cells, and granular cells.
- Secretes renin in response to decreased NaCl concentration in the filtrate.
- Constricts the afferent arteriole in response to increased delivery of fluid to the distal tubule.
- Is formed by cells from the distal tubule and afferent arteriole.
- A and B.
- All of the above.
In metabolic acidosis, the primary disturbance is:
- Increased arterial [H+].
- Increased arterial [HCO3].
- Increased PCO2.
- Decreased arterial [HCO3].
- Decreased PCO2.
A 50 yr. old female goes into shock and her blood pressure drops to 50mmHg. Which of the following concerning her GFR is most likely?
- Myogenic autoregulation will keep GFR constant.
- Angiotensin II release will maintain normal GFR.
- The macula densa will cause constriction of the afferent arteriole to maintain GFR.
- Constriction of the efferent arteriole and dilation of the afferent arteriole will maintain GFR.
- GFR will virtually cease.
Of the following concerning angiotensin II, which is FALSE?
- It can be produced by ACE within the kidney.
- It is produced when NaCl concentration in the distal tubule decreases.
- It indirectly increases K+ reabsorption.
- It increases the sensation of thirst.
- It is produced when sympathetic nervous system activity increases.
- It tends to increase ECF volume.
Which of the following has the highest renal clearance?
- Inulin.
- Glucose.
- Na+.
- K+.
- Penicillin.
Aldosterone will be released, directly or indirectly, in response to which of the following?
- Renin release.
- Decreased blood pressure.
- Increased K+.
- ACTH.
- Catecholamines.
- All of the above.
With a high level of ADH, the majority of water reabsorption will take place in which segment of the nephron?
- Proximal tubule.
- Thin descending loop of Henle.
- Thin ascending loop of Henle.
- Thick ascending loop of Henle.
- Distal tubule.
- Collecting duct.
If Na+ reabsorption ceased in the proximal tubule, the reabsorption of which of the following would NOT be affected?
- glucose
- amino acids
- HCO3-
- peptide hormones
- K+
- Cl-
Urea:
- Is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule.
- Flows out of the thin ascending loop of Henle.
- Will always indicate poor renal function if its plasma concentration is high.
- Can be completely reabsorbed with high levels of ADH.
- Only contributes to multiplication of the corticopapillary osmotic gradient in the presence of ADH.
- The distal convoluted tubule is permeable to it.
The medullary hyperosmotic gradient
- Is composed primarily of NaCl and urea.
- Requires energy to produce.
- Depends on counter-current multiplication in the vasa recta.
- Is smaller in the presence of ADH
- A and B.
- All of the above.
Concerning principal cells:
- They are the major excretory route of the body for K+.
- Their action is decreased by aldosterone.
- ADH release directly increases their rate of Na+ reabsorption.
- They are located in the ascending thick limb and the distal tubule.
- All of the above.
If PTH (parathyroid hormone) levels in a patient have decreased, which of the following is most likely?
- Calcium plasma levels are low.
- Proximal tubular reabsorption of calcium has increased.
- Distal tubule reabsorption of calcium has increased.
- The patient will more likely have phosphaturia.
- K+ secretion in the distal tubule has decreased.
Which of the following concerning ADH is FALSE?
- It is released in response to high plasma osmolarity.
- It increases water reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct.
- It is ineffective in central, or neurogenic, diabetes insipidus.
- It increases reabsorption of both NaCl and urea.
- It produces its effects relatively quickly.
Which of the following DECREASES K+ secretion?
- High K+ diet.
- Acidosis.
- Hyperaldosteronism.
- Loop diuretics.
- Anions in the lumen of the tubule.
Of the following Na+ reabsorption mechanisms, which is INCORRECTLY paired with its place in the nephron?
- Na+ - glucose; proximal tubule
- Na+ - Cl-; distal convoluted tubule
- Na+ - H+; proximal tubule
- Na+ - K+ - Cl-; distal convoluted tubule
Which of the following buffers plays the most important role in eliminating excess acid or base from the body?
- Hemoglobin
- ATP
- HCO3-
- Protein
In the proximal tubule, which of the following is normally secreted?
- Urea.
- Phosphate.
- HCO3-
- NH4+
- Magnesium.
Na+ is secreted in which of the following segments?
- Proximal tubule
- Thin descending loop of Henle
- Thick ascending loop of Henle
- Distal tubule
- Collecting duct
- None of the above
Type A intercalated cells:
- Are found in the distal tubule and collecting duct.
- Contain a H+ ATPase.
- Contain a H/K ATPase.
- Exhibit increased secretion of H+ with high aldosterone levels.
- Reabsorb K+.
- All of the above.
If a patient is infused with HCl, which of the following will be true?
- The serum anion gap will increase.
- The serum anion gap will decrease.
- The serum anion gap will remain the same.
Which of the following can cause hypokalemia?
- Hyperaldosteronism
- Diarrhea
- Metabolic Alkalosis
- All of the above
Under conditions that produce metabolic acidosis, the body attempts to minimize the metabolic disturbance. Which of the following is correct concerning the adjustments that are made?
- The amount of secreted H+ is decreased.
- Hyperventilation is usually able to return pH to normal.
- Less NH3 is synthesized.
- Increased reabsorption of new HCO3-.
- Decreased excretion of titratable acid.
- A and B.
When exercising
- Protein clearance is decreased.
- Aldosterone secretion increases when exercising at higher altitudes.
- Aldosterone secretion decreases when exercising in a hot environment.
- GFR remains the same even when sweating.
- ADH secretion increases.

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